Chapter 17 First Part - Natalia-
Languages have an origin that can be traced throughout history. One of the fields of study that analyses this is that of Philology. The latter is connected with the creation of “family trees” that show the relations between languages.
Sir William Jones, a British Government Official In India in 1786, stated that even though some languages are from different areas, they share the same origin. Even today, languages are connected to their roots (Proto, Indo, European);For example, Indo European is the language family with the largest population and distribution in the world. In fact, there are 6, 912 different languages in the world. Moreover, English is a language that is used in different parts of the world.
Languages establish family connections and this can be seen in the pronunciation of words that have a similar form or meaning. This is connected with the concept of cognate, which refers to the use of words that share the same language origin (proto), for instance, the word “father” (English) and “vater” (German for father).
The analysis of the origin of words and its connections (cognates) is a procedure called “comparative reconstruction”. There are two main principles within this procedure. The first one is the majority principle, the latter is connected with relating the sounds that are similar in a specific amount of words in order to find which is the predominant sound. The second principle is that of the most natural development, this one is related with the fact that in different languages there are similar changes.
To sum up, languages change because they are used and manipulated by individuals who need to communicate. This is what constitutes the history and the identity of the language and it is very important for the identity of the society as well.
Chapter 17 Second Part - Luciana-
“Englisc” language has gone through substantial changes to become the English we use today
and its history is divided into four periods of time.
In the first period of time before 1100 d.C, which is known as ‘Old English’, a group of
germanic tribes moved into the British Isles in the 5th Century. These pagan tribes of Angles,
Jutes, and Saxons are known as the Anglo-Saxons and they were the primary sources who
develop the English language. ‘Englisc’ as Old English was known means pertaining to the
Angles, this word came from the Angles. We use many basic terms from their language.
For example, man, woman, child, and house.
As it was mentioned before, these early settlers or invaders were pagan, however,
there was a time around the 6th and 8th Century that Anglo-Saxons were converted to
Christianity and a lot of terms from Latin, the language of Religious, came into Old English
at that time. Contemporary words such as angel, bishop, priest, church. They all date from
this period.
After that, from the 8th Century through the 9th and 10th Centuries another group of northern
Europeans came to plunder and then settler in the British coasts. They were the Vikings and
they spoke ‘Old Norse’ and from their language, some words were adopted, for example: “give”,
“leg”, “skin”, etc. The ending of the Old English period is marked by the conquest of the
Norman-French at the Hasting Battle and it gives birth to the beginning of the Middle English
which lasted 400 years from 1100 to 1500. These new invaders became the ruling class and
they spoke French. As a result, during the following 200 years, the French would become the
language of the nobility, the law, the government, and the civilized life in England. Despite this,
English remained the language of the peasants. French origin words were borrowed to refer or
describe prepared dishes.
The borrowing of words from French, Old Norse, or Latin are examples of external changes.
From the late Middle English to the beginning of the Early Modern English period, which lasted
from 1500 to 1700, the sounds of the English language underwent a substantial change known
as “The great vowel Shift” which involved the fronting and raising of the long, stressed monophthongs
. During the transition from Middle English to Modern English, that is the English we used today, some
sounds disappeared and it is known as sound loss. The initial [H] of many Old English words was lost,
some other words, however, lost sound but kept the spelling, resulting in the “Silent Letters” of
Contemporary written English. In addition, there are 3 other sound changes known as Metathesis, Epenthesis, and Prothesis. The first one is a process by which there is a reversal of the position of
two sounds in a word. The second one is a process by which a sound is added in the middle of a word.
and the last one is a process by which a sound is added at the beginning of a word. Generally, Spanish speakers who are starting to learn English are troubled by this last process because they tend to add a prothetic vowel at the beginning of some English words that start with an [S].
Furthermore, remarkable differences between the structure of Old English and Modern English
sentences are founded in Old English texts, such as the verb-subject order, the subject-object-verb
order, or the object-subject- verb order. However, these word orders are no longer used. The subject-verb-object order is the one who has prevailed in time. In addition to this, the negative also
differs and a “double negative” construction was also possible. During this transition, a large number
of inflectional suffixes were lost.
And last but not least, there are another 2 processes that involve semantic changes and they are
called ‘broadening’ and ‘Narrowing’ of meaning. In the first one, the meaning of a word becomes
broader or more inclusive than its earlier meaning and in the second one, a word gets a more restricted meaning than it had before. However, the main source of change seems to be the constant process of
cultural transmission by which each new generation has to find a way in using the language of the
previous generation, or by which each child has to recreate the language of the community and there
should be an occasional desire to be different.
In conclusion, languages will not remain stable and that change and variation are inevitable.
This last change which seems to be inevitable is viewed from a Synchrony view in terms of differences
within one language in different places and among different groups at the same time.
